This is a terrible error by Microsoft, but it is due to not having an updated Windows system. This is commonly seen on Windows 7 if SP1 is not installed (7601 vs 7600). Some users have also encountered this with Windows 8.
Our ongoing effort to improve the Windows UX includes a dependency on .NET 4.6 now. Installing .NET4.6 separately may work, or at least give a more meaningful error message: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=49981
Information on installing Service Pack 1 for Windows 7, which is required for .NET 4.6: https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/15090/windows-7-install-service-pack-1-sp1
Information on upgrading Windows 8 to Windows 8.1: https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/15288/windows-8-update-to-windows-8-1